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imcocnI]oU\w DZmcP\m[n]Xykaql§fn ANn´yamsW¶mWp IcpXs¸Sp¶Xv. P\m[n]Xykaql§Ä ]oU\¯ns\Xncmb A´mcm{ãIcmdpIÄ ]eXpw aSn¨p\n¡msX kzoIcn¨n«pWvSv. AtXbhkcw temI¯nse Gähpw henb P\m[n]XycmPy§Ä F¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶ bp.Fknepw C´ybnepw IÌUn]oU\w kw_Ôn¨ dnt]mÀ«pIÄs¡m¶n\pw Hcp IpdhnÃXm\pw. CdmJnse A_pKpssd_v Pbnen CdmJn XShpImÀ {Iqcambn ]oUn¸n¡s¸Sp¶Xnsâ Zriy§Ä 2004 ]pd¯ph¶t¸mgmWv Atacn¡bpsS bYmÀYapJw shfn¨¯ph¶Xv. A¶v {]knUâmbncp¶ tPmÀPv _pjv imcocnI]oU\w Atacn¡³ \mKcnIXbvs¡XncmWv F¶p XpSÀ¨bmbn hmNIaSn¨psImWvSncn¡pt¼mgmWv \ácm¡n \nÀ¯n Ce{ÎnIv tjmt¡Â¸n¡pIbpw \mbv¡sfs¡mWvSv B{Ian¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ \nc]cm[nIfpsS Zb\obNn{X§Ä ]pd¯phcp¶Xv. XpSÀ¶v, ITn\amb tNmZywsN¿ÂcoXnIÄ¡v A\paXn\ÂIp¶ D¯chpIsf¡pdn¨ hnhc§fpw ]pd¯mbn. At¸mgpw AsXms¡ hyXnNe\§Ä F¶ \nebv¡mWp hymJym\n¡s¸«Xv.
KzWvSm\tam XShpImsc XpSÀ¨bmbn hm«Àt_mUnMn\p hnt[bam¡p¶ dnt]mÀ«pIÄ IqSn ]pd¯ph¶t¸mÄ `cWIqS¯nsâ AwKoImct¯msSbmWv FÃmw \S¡p¶sX¶Xn BÀ¡pw     kwibanÃmXmbn. A´mcm{ã \nba§Ä ]oU\w F¶p \nÀhNn¨ncn¡p¶ ITn\thZ\tb¸n¡p¶ FÃm amÀK§fpw kn.sF.F. D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p. kz´w \m«nÂh¨p \S¡pt¼mÄ Nnet¸mÄ CcIÄ X§sf tImSXn Ibäpsa¶ `b¯m XShpImsc A\ycmPy§fnte¡b¡p¶ sSdÀ t{]mkkv Hu«vtkmgvknMpw kn.sF.F¡v ]Xnhmbncp¶p. CuPn]vXv, t]mfWvSv, dpta\nb, tPmÀZm³ XpS§nb cmPy§fmWv ]Ww hm§n ]oU\w \S¯nbncp¶hÀ.
]oU\¯nsâ Imcy¯n Atacn¡tb¡mÄ Im]Syw ImWn¡p¶hcmWv C´y. sImtfmWnb t]menknMnsâ ioe§Ä henb amäsam¶panÃmsX XpScp¶Xn\m C´y³ kpc£mhn`mK§Ä¡p imcocnI]oU\amWp Ipäw sXfnbn¡m\pw P\Iob{]t£m`§sf HXp¡m\papÅ Htcsbmcp hgn. tZiob a\pjymhImi I½ojsâ dnt]mÀ«p {]Imcw Xs¶ 2006þ07 C´ybn IÌUn ]oU\w ImcWw 1597 t]À acW    aSªn«pWvSv. F¶mÂ, Gjy³ skâÀ t^mÀ lypa³ ssdävknsâ IW¡v hyXykvXamWv. 1994þ2008 16,836 t]cmWv C´ybn IÌUnbn acWs¸«Xv. BßlXysb¶pw lrZbkvXw`\sa¶pw ]dª t]menkpw `cWIqShpw FgpXn¯Ånb IW¡pIÄ CXnÂs¸SnÃ.
F¶n«pw HmkvIÀ AhmÀUv t\Snb Éw tUmKv aney\bdn \mbI\mb bphmhns\ Hcp apXnÀ¶ t]menkptZymKس ]oUn¸n¡p¶ Zriy§Ä amäm³ kÀ¡mÀ Bhiys¸«t{X. sF.]n.FkpImÀ ]oUn¸n¡mdnà F¶pw ]oU\w Xmsg X«n \S¡p¶ Hcp A]{`wiamsW¶pambncp¶p Kh¬saânsâ \ne]mSv.
]oU\w F§s\ Htcbhkcw `cWIqS¯nsâ s]mXpkz`mhhpw AhImihpamhp¶p F¶p hniZoIcn¡pIbmWv Pn\n temI\oXbpsS {Sm³kv\mj\ tSmÀ¨À F¶ {]uVamb IrXn.
DZmcP\m[n]Xy cmPy§fmb bp.Fknepw C´ybnepw DÅ ]oU\w kw_Ôn¨ \nba§Ä ]et¸mgpw ISemkn am{Xw HXp§ps¶¶dnbm³ Cu {KÙw hmbn¨m aXn. bp.Fkn tImSXnhn[nIfpw XpSÀ¶pWvSmb `cWLS\m t`ZKXnIfpamWv ]oU\\nba§Ä cq]s¸Sp¯nbXv. C´ybnse a\pjymhImi {]Øm\§fpambn ASp¯nS]gInbncp¶ temI\oX Ct¸mÄ \yqtPgvknbnse Hcp kÀhIemimebn A[ym]nIbmWv.
cWvSp cmPy§fpw ]oU\w \nbahncp²am¡p¶ \nba§Ä ]mkm¡nbn«psWvS¦nepw cWvSnS¯pw `cWIqS§Ä ]oU\s¯ ]tcm£ambn AwKoIcn¡p¶p F¶mWv temI\oXbpsS {][m\ hmZw. k]vXw_À 11\p tijamWv Atacn¡bn C¯cw \ne]mSpIÄ IqSpX P\{]nbambXv. KzWvSm\tambnse XShpImÀ¡v XShpImsc kw_Ôn¨ P\ohmIcmdnse hyhØIÄ _m[Iasö hnNn{XhmZhpambn bp.Fkv. sshkv{]knUâv UnIv sN\n cwK¯ph¶Xv A{X henb hnaÀi\¯n\p ImcWambnÃ. Atacn¡³ ]uc³amsc hsc ]nSnIqSnbm AhÀ¡v bp.Fkv. \nba§Ä _m[Iasöp h¶p.
C´ybnemhs« ]oU\w kw_Ôn¨ henb NÀ¨Isfm¶pw \S¡mdnÃ. t]menkv \S]SnIÄ IqSpX ]cnjvIcn¡m\pt±in¨psImWvSv 1979 cq]oIcn¡s¸« \mj\ t]menkv I½ojsâ ip]mÀiIÄ ]eXpw \S¸m¡m³ `cWIqSw hnk½Xn¡p¶p. ]et¸mgpw kp{]nwtImSXnbmWv t]menknsâ AXn{Ia§Ä¡p XSbnSp¶Xv. 2006 {]Imiv knMv tIkn kp{]nwtImSXn \ÂInb \nÀtZi§Ä temI\oX DZmlcWambn NqWvSn¡m«p¶p. F¶mÂ, AtX kp{]nwtImSXn Xs¶ SmU, t]m« XpS§nb \nba§Ä¡v A\paXn \ÂIpIbpw sN¿p¶ sshNn{XapWvSv. I¿q¡v ImWn¡m\pÅ t]menknsâ Xm¸cyw apfbnte \pÅWsa¶p ]dbpt¼mÄ Xs¶ tImSXn "t]m«' t]mepÅ {]mIrX\nba§fpsS ASnØm\¯n \ÂInb Iogvt¡mSXnhn[nIÄ AwKoIcn¡p¶p. bp.F.]n.F, A^vkv] XpS§nb \nba§Ä C´ybn \ne\n¡p¶p. ]t£, `cWLS\bpsS {]Jym]nX\b§Ä¡pw ssNX\y¯n\psaXncmWv A¯cw \nba§Ä. k]vXw_À 11\p tijw A¯cw \nba§tfmSv `cWIqShpw tImSXnIfpw {]tXyI Xm¸cyw {]ISn¸n¡p¶Xmbn {KÙImcn kqNn¸n¡p¶p.
bp.Fkn ]m{Snbäv BIväv           F¶ t]cn ]ucmhImiw \ntj[n¡p¶ \nbaw ]mkm¡nbXn\p kam´cambn«mWv _n.sP.]n. `cWIqSw "t]m«' ]mkm¡nbXv. ]oU\¯ns\Xncmb A´mcm{ãIcmdn H¸ph¨t¸mÄ cmPys¯ \nbaambn amdp¶Xn\v AXv ]mÀesaânsâ AwKoImc¯n\mbn kaÀ¸n¡m¯ `cWIqSw `oIcXbvs¡Xncmb bp.F³. ]mkm¡nb Hcp {]tabw D²cn¨mWv "t]m«' \S¸m¡nbXv.
cWvSp cmPy§fpw \ntj[¯nsâ cm{ãobamWv Ifn¡p¶sX¶v {KÙImcnbpsS \nco£Ww. ]oU\¯ns\XntcbpÅ hmbv¯mcn XpScpt¼mÄ Xs¶ `cWIqS¯nsâ \ne\n¸n\mbn ]oU\w XpSÀ¶psImtWvSbncn¡p¶p. Atacn¡tb¡mÄ \ncmimP\IamWv C¡mcy¯n C´ybnse ØnXn. ]oU\s¯ \ymboIcn¡p¶ Sn.hn ]c¼cIÄ C´ybnse t]mse Atacn¡bnepw hym]IamsW¦nepw \nbahmgvNbn B cmPyw Iptd¡qSn sa¨amWv.
adn¨v, C´ybn am[ya§fpw tImSXnIfpw X§fpsS kzbw`cW¯nsâ sXfnhmbn hntbmPn¸v {]ISn¸n¡psa¦nepw A´nahniIe\¯n ]oU\s¯ \ymboIcn¡p¶ kao]\amWv kzoIcn¡p¶Xv. DZmcP\m[n]Xy kaql§fpsS AI¡m¼n ]oU\w IpSnbncn¡p¶p F¶mWv temI\oX Xsâ IrXnbn Øm]n¡p¶Xv.
a\pjymhImi{]hÀ¯Icpw KthjIcpw t]menkptZymKØcpw \nbaÚcpw \nÀ_Ôambpw hmbn¨ncnt¡WvS {KÙamWv   {Sm³kv\mj\ tSmÀ¨À. 

Transnational Torture:
Law, Violence, and State Power
in the United States and India
Jinee Lokaneeta
Orient Black swan ` 725