F.F. e¯o^v tk«v
ap¶qdp hÀjt¯mfw knÔv `cn¨ Ad_nIfpsS Ime¯v _KvZmZnse {]ikvX ]ÞnX³ sibvJv AÐp ImZnÀ Poem\nbpsS {][m\ injy³ ]oÀ bqkp^p±o³ CkvemanIktµi§fpambn F¯nbt¸mÄ, knÔnse U]yq«n KhÀWdpsS D]tZãm¡fmb as\IvPnbpw aI³ dmhpPnbpw At±l¯nsâ a¡fmb kpµÀPn, ]n³kmPv F¶nhcpw CkvemwaXw kzoIcn¨p. sshiy{_mÒWcmb temlm\m kapZmb¡mcmbncp¶p ChÀ. CXns\¯pSÀ¶v knÔnse Fgp\qdp IpSpw_§Ä CkvemwaX¯nte¡p h¶p. AhcpsS F®w 6200 hcpat{X.
Cu ]pXphnizmknIfpsS BßmÀYXbpw kXykÔXbpw IWvS ]oÀ Chsc bYmÀYhnizmknIÄ F¶v AÀYw hcp¶ "apAvao³' F¶p hntijn¸n¨p. AXp {ItaW "taa³' Bbn¯oÀ¶p. ChcpsS t\Xmhv BZans\ "tkXv' (Xeh³, amÀKZÀin\n) Bbn Kpcp \ntbmKn¨p. tkXv BWv ]n¶oSv tk«v BbXv.
CkvemwaXw kzoIcn¨ temlm\IÄ¡v sImSnb aÀ±\§fpw ]oU\§fpw klnt¡WvSnh¶p. ChcpsS sFIyhpw PohnX{Ia§fpw `qcn]£kapZmb¯n\v CãambnÃ. AhÀ temlm\IfpambpÅ FÃm _Ô§fpw Dt]£n¨p. A\pbmbnIfpsS {]bmk§Ä IWvSp a\ÊpcpInb ]oÀ kmln_v kao]{]tZi§fnte¡p ]emb\w sN¿m³ Ahsc D]tZin¨p. A§s\ 150¸cw IpSpw_§Ä I¯nbhmdnse lmemÀ F¶ {]tZi¯p IpSntbdn. ChÀ "lmembntaa³' F¶mWdnbs¸Sp¶Xv. asämcp hn`mKw kqd¯n IpSntbdn. ChÀ "kqd¯ntaa³' F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p. tijn¡p¶hÀ KpPdm¯nse IOn IpSntbdn. ChcmWp IOntaa³amcpsS ]qÀhnIÀ. t_mws_bnemWv C¶v Gähpa[nIw taa³ tk«pamÀ DÅXv. _mw¥qÀ, sslZcm_mZv, ssakqÀ, \mKv]qÀ, ]qs\, sIm¡¯ F¶nhnS§fnepw AhÀ PamA¯mbn Ignbp¶p.
IpSntbdnb a®n hyhkmbcwK¯v AhÀ kXykÔXbpsSbpw IrXy\njvTbpsSbpw ]cymbambn¯oÀ¶p. A§s\bmWv IOotaa³ tk«vamÀ k¼¶cmbXv. hyhkmb¯n X§fptSXmb hyànap{Z ]Xn¸n¨ tk«pamÀ 1815emWv tIcf¯nse¯p¶Xv. XncphnXmwIqÀ Znhm³ cmPmtIihZmkv t_mws_bnÂ\n¶pw IOnÂ\n¶pw GXm\pw IOoIpSpw_§sf Iq«ns¡mWvSp hcpIbmbncp¶p. sIm¨n, Be¸pg, sImÃw, Xncph\´]pcw F¶nhnS§fnemWv ChÀ IqSpXepÅXv.
hÀ¯am\Ime kmlNcy§tfmSv s]mcp¯s¸«p t]mhpt¼mgpw ChÀ temlm\IfpsSbpw knÔnIfpsSbpw IOnIfpsSbpw k¼¶amb ss]XrIw Im¯pkq£n¡p¶p. IOotaa³ `h\§fn C¶pw kwkmcw en]nbnÃm¯ IOo `mjbnemWv. knÔnbpw, lnµnbpw, KpPdm¯nbpw IqSn¡eÀ¶ Hcp k¦c`mjbmWnXv. KpPdm¯nbntem, knÔnbntem BWv FgpXmdv.
IOotaa³amÀ¡v {]tXyI ]ÅnIfpw aX]T\ imeIfpw ivaim\§fpapWvSv. IOoPamA¯nsâ Xeh³ "PamA¯v tk«v' F¶dnbs¸Spw. hnhmlw, acWw XpS§nb FÃm kmaqlnIImcy§fnepw At±l¯nsâ km¶n[yw A\nhmcyambncn¡pw. IOotaa³amcpsS tZiobkwLS\bmb HmÄ C´ym IOotaa³ s^Utdjsâ BØm\w t_mws_bnemWv.
hnhmlw Dd¸n¡Â, hnhml\nÝbw, hnhmlIÀaw FÃmw hyXykvXamWv. hnhmlZnhkw hcsâ ho«nÂ\n¶p sImWvSphcp¶ hkv{Xhpw kzÀWhpw ]mZc£bpw am{Xta h[p [cn¡mhp. kv{Xo[\w F¶Xv ChcpsS APWvSbnte bnÃ.
tIcf cm{ãobNcn{X¯n IOotk«pamÀ¡v Xnf¡tadnb Hcp ]mc¼cyapWvSv. ae_mÀ cm{ãobapt¶ä¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂInb lmPn AÐp k¯mÀ tk«v tIcf cm{ãob¯n Xnf§nb t\Xmhmbncp¶p. kzmX{´ym\´cw ]mInkvXm\n Xmakam¡nb At±lw XetÈcnbnse {]apJ hyhkmbnIqSnbmbncp¶p. IOnÂ\n¶pw hnZKv[cmb ]mNI¡msc sImWvSph¶mWv AhÀ AXnYnIsf k¡cn¨ncp¶Xv. tIcf¯n BZyambn _ncnbmWn {]Ncn¡p¶Xpw Cu IpSpw_¯nÂ\n¶mWv.
\yq\]£§fpsS AhImi§Ä¡p thWvSn cmPyk`bnepw temIvk`bnepw t]mcmSn FXncmfnIsf ap«pIp¯n¨ C{_mlnw kpsseam³ tk«v IOo kapZmb¯nsâbpw ]n¶m¡ hn`mK§fpsSbpw sISmhnf¡mbncp¶p. tIcf \nbak`bn U]yq«n kv]o¡dmbpw sIm¨n³ tImÀ]tdj\n U]yq«n tabdmbpw tkh\a\pjvTn¨ncp¶ Fw.sP. k¡cnbm tk«,v aebmf kn\nabv¡v A´ÀtZiob _lpaXn t\Sn¯¶ sN½o³sâ \nÀamXmhv I¬aWn _m_ptk«v, kn\nam þkocnb \S\pw kwhn[mbI\pamb BZw A¿q_v, Gjybnse {]ikvX kapt{Zm¸¶ hyhkmbnbpw cmPyk`mwKhpambncp¶ lmPn kmte apl½Zv C{_mlnw tk«v F¶nhÀ kapZmb¯nsâ s]m³XqhepIfmWv. a«mt©cn ap\nkn¸Â sNbÀam\mbncp¶ Jm³ kmln_v Ckvambn lmPn Cukm tk«v, bqkp^v Ckvabn tk«v, Be¸pg ap³kn¸Â sNbÀam³ Bbncp¶ F.BÀ. kpsseam³ tk«v, Xncph\´]pcw tImÀ]tdj³ AwKambncp¶ Fkv. BZw tk«v, ImbwIpfw ap³kn¸Â sNbÀam\mbncp¶ lmPn lʳ bm¡q_v tk«v F¶nhÀ kapZmbt¯¡mÄ D]cn \mSns\ tkhn¨hcmWv.
\nÀ[\tcbpw AKXnItfbpw klmbn¡m\pw hnZym`ymk Bhiy§Ä¡pw NnInÂkmsNehpIÄ¡pw aäpambn ]qÀhnIÀ cq]oIcn¨ {SÌpIÄ C¶pw kap¶XcoXnbn Xs¶ {]hÀ¯n¡p¶pWvSv.
IOo tk«pamcpsS hym]mcØm]\§Ä B{^n¡, P¸m³, ssN\ F¶nhnS§fn C¶pw \S¶phcp¶p. kapt{Zm¸¶§Ä hntZicm{ã§fn Ibän Ab¨v \mSn\v hntZi\mWyw t\Sn¯cp¶ A\h[n Øm]\§Ä ChcptSXmbn C´ybn ]e`mK§fnembn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶pWvSv. ]qÀhnIÀ Øm]n¨ hnZym`ymkØm]\§Ä, kmwkvImcnItI{µ§Ä, ]ffnIÄ F¶nh ]n³apd¡mÀ Im¯pkq£n¡p¶p.
\qämWvSpIÄ¡p ap¼v IOnÂ\n¶pw ]mb¡¸epIfnepw ]t¯amcnIfnepw h¶nd§nb kmlknIcmb tk«pamÀ X§fpsS km¼¯nIþkmaqlnI ]cnWma§fneqsS tIcf¯nsâ Ncn{Xw amänadn¨p. ChnSs¯ hym]mc_Ô§fpsS {]IrXw \nÀWbn¨Xpw ImÀjntIm¸¶§fpsS {Ibhn{Ib¯n\v imkv{Xobamb coXnIÄ BZyambn Ahew_n¨Xpw IOo tk«pamcmWv.
hmkvtImUKma tImgnt¡mSv Im¸mSv I¸end§p¶Xn\p ap¼v ChÀ¡p tImgnt¡mSpambn hym]mc_ÔapWvSmbncp¶p. cmPmtIihZmkv ChÀ¡v hym]mcmhiy§Ä¡mbn FÃm H¯miIfpw sNbvXpsImSp¯p. Be¸pg XpdapJw IbÀ, ae©c¡vv hyhkmb§fpsS {][m\ tI{µambn amdnbtXmsS Hcp kwLw tk«pamÀ AhnsSbpsa¯n.
A¶s¯ knÔv {]hniysb¡pdn¨pw taa³ kapZmbs¯¡pdn¨pw "_^À\mj' F¶ {KÙ¯n hniZoIcn¡p¶pWvSv. \qänsb«v hn`mK§fmbn Ignªncp¶ ChÀ "\qJv' F¶dnbs¸«ncp¶ knÔn `mjbmWp kwkmcn¨ncp¶Xv. tk«pamcpsS hkv{X[mcW¯nepw {]tXyIXbpWvSmbncp¶p. ImÂap«v hsc \ofw IqSnb tIm«pw, ]mâv, Pm¡äv, sXm¸nbpapÄs¸sSbpÅ hkv{X§fmWv AhÀ s]mXphn D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. ssaem©n AWnb kmÀhP\o\am¡nbXpw tk«pamcmWv.
]s¯m³]Xmw \qämWvSn kzmX{´y kac¯nsâ Bcw`L«¯n taa³ hn`mKw ap¶Wnt¸mcmfnIfmbn cwK¯ph¶p Pbn in£ A\p`hn¨p. km¼¯nIambn IgnhpÅhÀ \nÀtem`w kac^WvSnte¡v ]Ww Hgp¡n. t_mws_bnse hyhkmb{]apJ\mbncp¶ "DaÀ tkm`m\n' tUmÎÀ B\n_kânsâ tlmwdqÄ {]t£m`¯n ]s¦Sp¯p. Jnem^¯v {]t£m`¯n ]s¦Sp¯ tk«pamÀ kac ^WvSnte¡v _m¦v sN¡v G¸n¨Xv KmÔnPnbpsS ssIbnembncp¶p.
H¶mw temI bp²Ime¯v {_n«njv Kh¬saâv IOv Hcp kzX{´ XpdapJambn {]Jym]n¨p. [mcmfw Nc¡pIÄ Cu XpdapJw hgn Cd¡paXn sNbvXp. Ipdª hnebn km[\§Ä hm§m³ I¨hS¡mÀ IOnte¡v {]hln¨p. tk«pamcpsS t\XrXz¯n hyhkmbkm{amPyw Xs¶ IOn cq]wsImWvSp. cWvSmw temIbp²¯n\p tijw km¼¯nIamµyw A\p`hn¡pIbpw hfscb[nIw \ãw kw`hn¡pIbpw sNbvXt¸mÄ hyhkmbØm]\§Ä AS¨p]qt«WvSn h¶p. {_n«njv I¼\nbpsS IpSnÈnI DS³ XoÀ¡Wsa¶mhiys¸«t¸mÄ ssIbn DWvSmbncp¶ kzÀWhpw hkvXphIIfpw hnäv IpSnÈnI XoÀ¯ tijw _m¡nbpWvSmbncp¶ ]Ww apS¡n AhÀ hoWvSpw I¨hSw XpS§n. C¯cw \nch[n Gänd¡§Ä ChcpsS PohnX¯nepWvSmbn«pWvSv.
t_mws_bnse km_p kn²o¡v apkm^À Jm\, hmUmebnse km\ntämdnbw, _mw¥qcnse kÀ lmPn Ckvabn tLmjm tlmkv]nä sIm¨nbnse lmPn CukmlmPn aqkm sat½mdnb sslkvIqÄ, a«mt©cnbn XebpbÀ¯n \n¡p¶ Bknbm `mbn sslkvIqÄ, ]ptøSnbnse ZmdpÂDeqw sslkvIqÄ, a«mt©cnbnse IOo l\^n ]Ån, ]pXnb ]Ån, ImbwIpf¯v Xe DbÀ¯n \n¡p¶ lk\nbm Ad_nIv tImfPv ChsbÃmw IOotaa³amcpsS kw`mh\IfmWv. a«mt©cnbpsS lrZb`mK¯v XebpbÀ¯n \n¡p¶ CJv_m sse{_dn, Xncph\´]pc¯v {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ CJv_m sse{_dn XpS§nb kmwkvImcnI Øm]\§fpw ChcpsS kw`mh\Ifpw ad¡m\mhnÃ. tIcfobkaql¯n bmsXmcp hnhmZhpw krjvSn¡msX, X§fm Ignbp¶ tkh\§Ä \nÈ_vZaÀ¸n¨v {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ IOotaa³ tk«pamÀ A`nam\nIfpsS ]dh¡q«amWv.
