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kmlnXyIrXnIÄ t{ijvTamhp¶Xv Ft¸mgmWv? `mh\bpsS hn{`amßI Xe§fnte¡p hmb\¡mcs\ sImWvSpt]mhpt¼mtgm? AtXm, `mjm`ymk§ÄsImWvSv Ahs\ hnkvabn¸n¡pt¼mtgm? cWvSpaÃ. Hcp bYmÀY PohnXw ASp¯p\n¶p IWvS {]XoXn Ah\n P\n¸n¡pt¼mgmWv. hnÎÀlyqtKmbpsS em andm_se (sekv ankvd_vÄkvþ ]mh§Ä) temIw IWvS Gähpw henb ¢mknIv t\mhepIfnsem¶mhp¶Xv Cu am\ZÞ¯nemWv. 1862 {]kn²oIrXamb Cu hnJymXIrXnbpsS 150mw hÀjamWv 2012.
GsXmcp kmlnXyIrXnbpw {]Xn\n[oIcn¡p¶Xpw Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xpw Hcp {]tXyI Øes¯bpw kaqls¯bpambncn¡pw. A§s\sb¦n temI¯nse Gähpw _rl¯mb Hcp kaqls¯ {]Xn\n[oIcn¡p¶ IrXnbmbncn¡pw sekvankvd_vÄkvþ \nba¯nsâbpw A\oXnbpsSbpw Xobn s]mÅp¶ temIs¯hnsSbpapÅ ]mh§fpsS hntij§fmWo IrXn.  Hcp \ncq]I³ A`n{]mbs¸«Xv, Zmcn{Zyhpw ZpcnXhpw temI¯p a\pjy\p Iq«pÅ Imet¯mfw Cu IrXn \ne\n¡psa¶mWv.
]s¯m¼Xmw \qämWvSnsâ BZy]mZ¯nse {^m³kpw ]mcnkpw ]Ým¯eam¡nb Cu IrXn A¶s¯ P\m[n]Xy t]mcm«§fpsS IYIqSnbmWv. hnizt]mcmfnbmbncp¶ s\t¸mfnb³ t_mW¸mÀ«nsâ Ime¯nsâ cPXtcJ IqSnbmWo IrXn. \nch[n D]IYm]m{X§fpsWvS¦nepw Po³ hm Po³ (gmMv hm gmMv) F¶ "ap³ Ipähmfn'bmWnXnse {][m\ IYm]m{Xw.
]«nWn InS¶p hebp¶ kz´w ktlmZcnbpsS Ggp a¡Ä¡pthWvSn {_Uv tamãn¨ Ipä¯n\mWp Po³ hm Po³ BZyw Pbnen t]mhp¶Xv. A©phÀjw hn^eamb \mep Pbn¨m«§fpsS in£bpw IqSn ]n¶n«v 19 hÀj¯n\p tijamWbmÄ tamNnX\mhp¶Xv. ]n¶oSbmÄ XnckvIrX\mbn Aebp¶p. Po³ hm Po³ _nj¸v amcnbens\ IWvSpap«p¶tXmsS PohnXw hgnXncnbp¶p. kXykÔXbpsS klbm{XnI\mbn ]n¡me PohnXw Dt±in¡p¶ Po³hm Po³ thjw amdn tam¬tkymÀ aZsebv³ F¶ t]cn ]cn{iaw sImWvSv hfÀ¶p hensbmcp hyhkmb{]apJ\pw tijw \Kc¯nse tabdpamhp¶p.
BbnSbv¡p Po³hm Po³ Xsâ ]gbFXncmfnbmb C³kvs]ÎÀ Pmhsd IWvSpap«p¶p.  Xt¶mSpÅ {]XnImc¯nsâ Aánbpambn \S¡p¶ Pmhdnsâ sIWnIfn \ns¶Ãmw ]pd¯pNmSn Po³ hm Po³ PohnXw XpScp¶p. kmlNcy§fm thiybm¡s¸« ^mân³ F¶ hn[hsbbpw AhcpsS aIÄ tImskäns\bpw amcnbkv F¶ bphmhns\bpw At±lw c£n¡p¶p. IYm´y¯n B{Kln¨ {]Imcw amcnbkns\bpw tImskäns\bpw \hZ¼XnIfmbn H¶n¨pIWvSv B a\pjykvt\ln I®Sbv¡p¶p.
1862emWv lyqtKm Cu t\mh {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xv, \oWvS 17 hÀjw IY a\Ênen«p \S¶ tijw. A¶s¯ Ime¯v Akm[mcWamb coXnbn Bdpamkw ]ckyw sNbvX tijamWv t\mh {]kn²oIcWamcw`n¨Xv. BÝcyP\Iambncp¶p BZyIme¯pXs¶ t\mhen\p e`n¨ {]XnIcW§Ä. A¡me¯v Hcp bm{Xbnembncp¶ lyqtKm hn¸\bpsS KXnbdnbm³ {]km[I\v sSen{Kmw Ab¨p. F´mbn F¶ AÀY¯n Hcp tNmZyNnÓw am{Xw. AZv`pXmhlw F¶ AÀY¯n Hcp BÝcyNnÓambncp¶p {]km[Isâ adp]Sn.
1802 s^{_phcn 26\mWv hnÎÀlyqtKm P\n¡p¶Xv. {^©v sdmamânIv ImhyImeL«¯nse Hcp {][m\nbmbn«mWv BZyIme§fn At±lw t]scSp¡p¶Xv. 1831 emWv {][m\ IrXnIfnsem¶mb t\{XvZmanse Iq\³ ]pd¯phcp¶Xv.  1862 amÌÀ]okmb sekv ankd_vÄkpw {]kn²oIrXambtXmsS lyqtKm {^m³kn\I¯pw ]pd¯pw {]kn²\mbn. P\{]oXnbpw \ncq]I{i²bpamIÀjn¨ aäp \nch[n IrXnIfpw At±l¯ntâXmbpWvSv. h[in£bv¡p hn[n¡s¸« Hcp a\pjysâ Ahkm\Zn\w F¶ lyqtKmbpsS IrXn AÂt_À Imap, NmÄkv Un¡³kv, ZkvXtbhvkvIn XpS§n ]n¡me¯p {]kn²cmb ]eÀ¡pw {]tNmZ\taInbn«pWvSv.
1885 sabv 22\mWv hnÎÀ lyqtKm A´cn¡p¶Xv. hnem]bm{Xbnse P\_mlpeyw Xs¶ At±l¯nsâ P\{]oXn¡pÅ sXfnhmbncp¶p. AeIvkmWvSÀ Uyqamknsâbpw Fanen tkmfbpsSbpw kao]w "]m³Xn'tbmWnemWv lyqtKmsb AS¡w sNbvXXv.
]mh§Ä F¶ t]cn \me¸m«v \mcmbWtat\m\mWv Cu IrXn aebmf¯nte¡p hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXXv. aqeIrXnbpsS Hu¶XywsImWvSpw hnhÀ¯\¯nsâ ta·sImWvSpw CXv F¶pw aebmf¯n Gähpw hmbn¡s¸Sp¶ temI ¢mkn¡pIfnsem¶mWv.