R-§-fp-sS C-t¸m-g-s¯ ho-Sv 1968 am-Xrk-tlm-Z-c³ ]-Wn-I-gn-¸n-¨-Xm-Wv. ho-Sn-sâ ap-\n-kn-¸Â \n-Ip-Xn D-½m-a-bp-sS t]-cn-em-Wv A-Sbv-¡p-¶-Xv. ]-t£, C-Xp-h-sc-bpw Cu ho-Sn-sâ B-[m-cw R-§-fp-sS t]-cn-te-¡v c-Pn-ÌÀ sN-bv-Xn-«n-Ã. k-tlm-Z-c-\pw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ a-I-\pw a-cn-¨-Xn-\pti-jw C-t¸mÄ F-sâ a-¡-fm-Wv A-h-Im-in-IÄ. R-§-fp-sS ho-Spw A-tXm-S-\p-_-Ôn-¨p-Å ]-d-¼pw A-h-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. A-sX-Ãmw AÂ-¸mÂ-¸-am-bn hn-äp-XoÀ-¶p. C-t¸mÄ R-§-fp-sS ho-Spw sXm-«-Sp-¯p-Å _nÂ-Un-Mp-am-Wv _m-¡n-bp-Å-Xv. R-§Ä Ip-td -{]m-h-iyw B-h-iy-s¸-«n-«pw A-hÀ C-Xp-h-sc-bpw c-Pn-ÌÀ sN-bv-Xp X-¶n-«n-Ã. R-§-tfm-Sv H-gn-ªp-t]m-hm-\m-Wv B-h-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn A-hÀ-¡v R-§-sf C-d-¡n-hn-Sm³ km-[n-¡p-tam? R-§-fp-sS t]-cn B-[m-cw c-Pn-ÌÀ sN-¿m³ \n-b-a-]-c-am-bn h-gn-bp-tWvSm?
dn-bm-kv X-e-tÈ-cn
\n-§-fp-sS ho-Sv C-cn-¡p-¶ Ø-e-¯n-sâ B-[m-cw B-cp-sS t]-cn-em-Wv? D-½-bp-sS t]-cn ho-Sv ]-Wn-X-t¸mÄ B `m-Kw D-½-bp-sS t]-cn F-gp-Xn-bn-«p-tWvSm? ap-\n-kn-¸m-en-än-bn \Â-In-b A-t]-£-bn F-´m-Wp ]-d-bp-¶-Xv. X-e-tÈ-cn `m-K-¯v ]-e X-d-hm-Sp-I-fn-epw C-t¸m-gpw a-cp-a-¡-¯m-bw Xp-S-cp-¶p-WvSv. \n-§-fp-sS co-Xn F-´m-Wv? \n-§-fp-sS B-[m-c-¯n ]-d-bp-¶-sX-´m-Wv? B-[m-cw ssI-h-i-an-sÃ-¦n k-_v c-Pn-kv{SmÀ Hm-^n-kn \n-¶p ]-IÀ-s¸-Sp-¸n-¨p t\m-¡p-I. a-cp-a-¡-¯m-b co-Xn-bm-sW-¦n A-½m-h-sâ a-¡Ä-¡pw A-h-cp-sS a-¡Ä-¡pw C-Xn bm-sXm-cp A-h-Im-i-hp-ap-WvSm-hn-Ã. A-hÀ \-S-¯n-b hnÂ-¸-\t]m-epw d-±v sN-¿mw. taÂ-¸-d-ª Im-cy-§Ä A-dn-ªm am-{X-ta hy-à-am-b a-dp-]-Sn \Â-Im-\m-hq.
\n-§-fp-sS I-¯nÂ\n-¶v F-\n-¡p a-\-Ên-em-hp-¶-Xv, 1968 A-½m-h³ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ A-sÃ-¦n X-d-hm-Sn-sâ Ø-e-¯v k-tlm-Z-cn-bp-sS t]-cn ho-Sv h-¨p. A-hn-sS k-tlm-Z-cn-sb-bpw a-¡-sf-bpw Xm-a-kn-¸n-¨p. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ `m-cy-bpw a-¡-fpw X-e-tÈ-cn k-{¼-Zm-b-a-\p-k-cn-¨v `m-cy-ho-«n-em-bn-cn-¡mw. \n-§Ä 1968 ap-X Cu ho-«n Xm-a-kn-¨p-h-cp-¶-Xn-\m G-Xp k-{¼-Zm-bw ]n³-]-äp-I-bm-sW-¦n-epw Ø-e-¯n-sâ D-S-a-Ø-X BÀ-¡m-sW-¦n-epw \n-§Ä-¡v ssI-h-im-h-Im-i-ap-WvSv. A-Xn-\m \n-§-sf C-d-¡n-hn-Sm³ I-gn-bn-Ã. X-e-tÈ-cn Su-Wn-se ]-g-b X-d-hm-Sv hnÂ-¸-\-bv-¡ph-¨-t¸mÄ Xm-a-kn-¨n-cp-¶-hÀ-¡v B-[m-c-{]-Im-cw A-Xn bm-sXm-cp A-h-Im-i-hp-ap-WvSm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Im-c-Ww, ap-gp-h³ A-h-Im-i-hpw B-[m-c-{]-Im-cw H-cmÄ-¡v am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. F-¶mÂ, Xm-a-k-¡mÀ ho-Sv H-gn-bm³ X-¿m-dm-bn-Ã. A-h-km-\w A-hÀ-¡v ]-Ww \Â-In A-h-cp-sS ssI-h-im-h-Im-iw H-gn-¸n-¨p. ho-Sv \n-§-fp-sS D-½-bp-sS t]-cn-em-Wv F-¶ A-h-Im-iw \n-§Ä-¡p-WvSv. C-¡m-c-W-¯m \n-§-sf sh-dp-sX C-d-¡nhn-Sm-\m-hn-Ã. a-äp Nn-e h-gn-bn-eq-sS ho-Sn-cn-¡p-¶ Ø-e-¯n-epw A-h-Im-iw e-`n-¡m³ km-[y-X-bp-WvSv. ]-t£, F-gp-¯n-eq-sS A-h hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡m³ I-gn-bn-Ã. \n-§Ä C-¯-cw tI-kp-IÄ ssI-Im-cywsN-¿p-¶ h-¡o-ep-am-bn t\-cn kw-km-cn-¡p-I.
Ip-¯-I-]m-«w h-kv-Xp
]n-Xm-hn-sâ a-c-W-ti-jw `m-K-D-S-¼-Sn{]-Im-cw F-\n-¡p c-WvSv G-¡À h-kv-Xp e-`n-¨p. `m-K-]-{Xw 1980 -{]-Im-cw F-sâ t]-cn t]m-¡p-h-c-hv sN-bv-Xv 2007 h-sc I-cw A-S-¨v h-cpI-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 2009 a-IÄ-¡v [-\-\n-Ý-b-{]-Im-cw sIm-Sp-¯n-«v t]m-¡p-h-c-hn-\v A-t]-£ \Â-In-b-t¸mÄ h-kv-Xp "Ip-¯-I-]m-«w' B-b-Xn-\m t]m-¡p-h-c-hv sN-¿m³ ]-än-sÃ-¶v hn-tÃ-Pv Hm-^n-kÀ ]-d-ªp. F-sâ X-WvS-t¸-cv _p-¡v ]-cn-tim-[n-¨-t¸mÄ Remark tIm-f-¯n K.P Land F-¶v Nph¸v a-jn-bn F-gp-Xn-bn-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. 2007\v ti-jw I-cw A-S-¨p X-¶n-«n-Ã. Sn h-kv-Xp 1960  ]n-Xm-hn-\v ]-«-bw e-`n-¨-Xm-Wv. 1960 ap-X X-WvS-t¸-cpw I-c-hpw A-S-bv-¡p-¶p-WvSv. F-sâ h-kv-Xp-hn-\v k-ao-]w Ip-¯-I-]m-« h-kv-Xp-hpw X-cn-iv h-kv-Xp-hpw a-säm-cmÄ-¡v D-Å-Xm-bn Im-Wp-¶p. F-sâ h-kv-Xp 1950I-fn Ip-¯-I-]m-« h-kv-Xp B-bn-cp-¶p. ti-jw ]n-Xm-hv ]-«-b-¯n-\v A-t]-£ \Â-In ]-«-bw In-«n-b-Xpw B-Wv. F-sâ h-kv-Xp t]m-¡ph-c-hv sN-bv-Xp-In-«m³ Rm³ F-´m-Wp sN-t¿-WvS-Xv.
F-kv N-S-b-aw-K-ew
\n-§-fp-sS `m-K-¯v do-kÀ-th \-S-¶n-cp-t¶m? do-kÀ-th-bn ]-e am-ä-§-fpw kw-`-hn-¡m-dp-WvSv. do-kÀ-th kq-{]-WvSn-\v ]-cm-Xn \Â-In-bm A-h ]-cn-tim-[n-¨p ]-cn-l-cn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡m-dp-WvSv. 2007 h-sc I-cw A-S-¨-Xv B-cp-sS t]-cn-ep-Å h-kv-Xp F-¶ \n-e-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p? c-io-Xn-bn ]-«-b-¡m-c-sâ t]-cv F´m-Wv F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv ? 1980 \n-§-fp-sS t]-cn-te-¡v t]m-¡p-h-c-hp sN-bv-X kÀ-«n-^n-¡-äv ssI-h-iw D-tWvSm? B-cp-sS t]-cn \n-¶p B-cp-sS t]-cn-te-¡v t]m-¡p-h-c-hp sN-¿p-¶p? ]nXm-hn\p In-«n-b ]-«-bm-[m-c-¯n ]-d-bp-¶-Xv F-´m-Wv? hn-tÃ-Pv Hm-^n-k-tdm-Sv Cu Im-cy-§Ä ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ a-dp-]-Sn F-´m-Wv? tc-J-I-tfm A-h-bp-sS ]-IÀ-t¸m t\-cn I-WvSm am-{X-ta hy-à-am-b H-cp a-dp-]-Sn F-gp-Xm³ I-gn-bq. \n-§-fp-sS ssI-h-iw D-sWvS-¶p ]-d-bp-¶ tc-J-I-fp-sS ]-IÀ-¸p-IÄ tNm-Zy-t¯m-sSm-¸w A-b-¡m-am-bn-cp-¶p.
\n-§-fp-sS tNm-Zyw hm-bn-¨-XnÂ\n-¶v F-\n-¡p a-\-Ên-em-b-Xv dokÀ-th-bn h-¶ sX-äm-Wv F-¶p tXm-¶p-¶p. A-Xm-bn-cn-¡mw Ip-¯-I-]m-« h-kv-Xp-hpw X-cn-ip h-kv-Xp-hpw a-äpw C-tXm-Sv tNÀ-¶p Im-Wp-¶-Xv. A-§-s\-bm-sW-¦n do-kÀ-th kq-{]-WvSn-\v ]-cm-Xn \Â-In \-S-]-Sn F-Sp-¸n-¡p-I.
2007 ap-X \n-Ip-Xn A-S-bv¡m-¯-Xv F-´m-Wv? I-cw A-[n-Im-cn-IÄ kzo-I-cn-¡m-ª-m-sW-¦n taÂ\-S-]-Sn F-Sp-¯n-cp-t¶m? 1960 ]n-Xm-hn\v ]-«-bw In-«n X-WvS-t¸cv A-t±-l-¯n-tâ-Xm¡nb tc-J, 1980 \n-§-fp-sS t]-cn-te-¡v t]m-¡p-h-c-hv sN-bv-X tcJ, 1980 ap-X 2007 h-sc X-WvS-t¸-cn I-cw A-S-¨ tc-J Xp-S-§n-b-h I-WvSm am-{Xt-a C-¡m-cy-¯n hn-i-Z-am-b a-dp-]-Sn \Â-Im³ I-gn-bq.
F-´m-bm-epw \n-§Ä Pn-Ãm I-e-ÎÀ-¡v H-cp ]-cm-Xn \Â-Ip-I. ]-cm-Xn-tbm-sSm-¸w ta¸-d-ª tc-J-I-fp-sS tIm-¸n-h-bv-¡p-I. A-t±-lw U-]yq-«n I-e-ÎÀ (FÂ.-BÀ) h-gn A-t\z-j-Ww \-S-¯n B-h-iy-am-b \-S-]-Sn kzo-I-cn-¡pw. C-sÃ-¦n ssl-t¡m-S-Xn-bn dn-«v ^-b sN-¿mw. \n-§-fp-sS ]-cm-Xn-bnÂ\n-¶v \-à H-cp D-¯-c-hp e-`n-¡m-hp-¶ tI-km-Wv C-sX-¶p tXm-¶p-¶p.
