_n F-kv _m-_p-cmPv 

tI-{µ am-\-h-ti-jn hn-I-k-\ -a-{´n I-]n kn-_-en-s\ D-¶-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn ssI-s¡m-Åm³ D-t±-in-¡p-¶ [o-c-am-b ImÂ-h-bv-]p-I-fp-sS t]-cn- A-ta-cn-¡³ hn-Zym-`ym-k sk-{I-«-dn BÀ-s\ U-¦³ A-`n-\-µn-¨p. aq-¶m-a-Xv C-t´m-þ-A-ta-cn-¡³ kv-{Sm-ä-Pn-Iv U-b-tem-Kn-sâ `m-K-am-b hn-Zym-`ym-k D-¨-tIm-Sn-bn kw-_-Ôn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v A-ta-cn-¡-bn-te-¡p t]m-hm-\n-cn-s¡-bm-bn-cp-¶p Cu A-`n-\-µ-\-{]-hm-lw. 

hn-Zym-`ym-kw kw-_-Ôn-¨ 21mw -\q-äm-WvSn-se "H-_m-a-þ-kn-Mv t\m-f-Pv C-\o-tjy-äo-hn'sâ `m-K-am-bn F-«p kw-bp-à ]-²-Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å s]m-Xp-{]-kv-Xm-h-\-bp-WvSm-hp-sa-¶v A-ta-cn-¡³ kv-tä-äv A-kn. sk-{I-«-dn tdm-_À-«v t»-¡v {]-Jym-]n-¨n-cp-¶p. NÀ-¨-bn hn-tZ-i hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øm-]-\-§-Ä-¡v C-´y-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å km-[y-X-IÄ B-cm-bp-sa-¶pw A-ta-cn-¡³ A-[n-Ir-XÀ {]-Jym-]n-¨n-cp-¶p-. F-¦n-epw Cu hn-j-b-¯n \nÀ-Wm-b-I Xo-cp-am-\-§-sfm-¶pw D-WvSm-hn-sÃ-¶v B-Zy-ta hy-à-am-bn-cp-¶p. 

D-Zv-Lm-S-\ k-t½-f-\-¯n kw-km-cn-¡-sh _-lp-I-£n `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ cm-{ão-b kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-se Nn-e {]-iv-\-§-fp-sS `m-K-am-bm-Wv C-´y-¡v A-Xn-sâ hn-I-k-\-Km-Y-bn XmÂ-¡m-en-I-am-b H-cp X-S-Êw t\-cn-«-sX-¶v tZ-io-b t\m-sf-Pv I-½o-j³ sN-bÀ-am-\pw {]-[m-\-a-{´n-bp-sS D-]-tZ-i-I-\p-am-b kmw- ]n-t{Xm-Z \n-cm-i-tbm-sS ]-d-ª-Xv A-Xpw-Iq-Sn a-\-ÊnÂ- h-¨m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. A-ta-cn-¡³ hy-h-km-bn-IÄ AÂ-¸w Im-¯n-cn-¡m-\p-Å £-a -Im-Wn-¡-W-sa-¶pw A-t±-lw A-t]-£n-¨p. 

A-Xn-\n-S-bn bp.F-kv k-µÀ-i-\-¯n-\p sXm-«p-ap-¼v Pq¬ 2\p hn-tZ-i -kÀ-h-I-em-im-e-I-Ä-¡p \n-e-hn-se \n-b-a-¯n-\p-Ån \n-¶p-sIm-WvSv {]-hÀ-¯-\m-\p-a-Xn \Â-Ip-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v B-tem-Nn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å tbm-Kw hn-fn-¡m³ kn-_- bp.-Pn.kn-tbm-Sv \nÀ-tZ-in-¨p-sh-¶ hmÀ-¯ tZ-io-b am-[y-a-§-fn hn-hm-Z-am-bn-cp-¶p. Xn-Sp-¡-¯n- hn-fn-¨p-tNÀ-¯ tbm-K-hpw kn-_-en-sâ A-ta-cn-¡³ k-µÀ-i-\-hpw X-½n _-Ô-ap-sWvS-¶m-bn-cp-¶p B-tcm-]-Ww. hn-tZ-i -kÀ-h-I-em-im-e-I-Ä-¡v C-´y-bn {]-hÀ-¯-\m-\p-a-Xn \Â-Ip-¶-Xn-s\ kw-_-Ôn-¨ _n-Ãv ]mÀ-e-saân-sâ ]-cn-K-W-\-bn-en-cn-s¡ bp.-Pn-.kn-¡v C-¯-c-sam-cp \nÀ-tZ-iw \Â-Ip-¶-Xv k-`-sb a-dn-I-S-¶p-sIm-WvSp-Å \o-¡-am-sW-¶p am-[y-a-§Ä Nq-WvSn-¡m-«n. 

Xp-S-¡-¯n bp-.Pn.-kn -sk-{I-«-dn A-Zn Im-kv-an, tbm-K-hpw kn-_-en-sâ A-ta-cn-¡³ k-µÀ-i-\-hpw X-½n- H-cp _-Ô-hp-an-sÃ-¶p hm-Zn-s¨-¦n-epw c-WvSp- Zn-h-k-¯n-\-Iw X-s¶ hn-hm-Z -tbm-Kw A-hÀ d-±m-¡n-. kÀ-¡mÀ-\o-¡-§Ä am-[y-a- C-S-s]-S- aq-ew Xm-Â-¡m-en-I-am-bn -]m-fn-t¸m-sb-¦n-epw D-¶-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn \-S-¶p-sIm-WvSn-cn-¡p-¶ h-¼n-¨ am-ä-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n th-Ww Cu {i-a-§-sf Im-tW-WvS-Xv. 

{]m-Y-an-I hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn C-´y³ `-c-W-Iq-Sw Xp-S-¡w-ap-XÂ-X-s¶ Im-cy-£-a-X-tbm-sS C-S-s]-«n-cp-¶p-sh-¦n-epw D-¶-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn-se \-b-§-fp-sS k-©m-cw ]-e-t¸m-gpw F-XnÀ-Zn-i-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. \m-emw ]-©-h-Õ-c-]-²-Xn-bn hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-\p \o-¡n-h-¨-Xn-sâ 25 i-X-am-\-t¯m-fw D-¶-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-\p h-I-bn-cp-¯n-sb-¦n F-«pw H-¼-Xpw ]-²-Xn-I-fn A-Xp sh-dpw 7þ8 i-X-am-\-am-bn. 1947\p ti-jw Cu ta-J-e-bn kÀ-¡mÀ \nÀ-tZ-i-{]-Im-cw X-¿m-dm-¡n-b -dn-t]mÀ-«p-I-fn-eq-sS I-S-¶p-t]m-bm Cu ta-J-e-sb-Êw-_-Ôn-¨v kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ \-b-§-fn-ep-Å {I-am-\p-K-X-am-b am-äw Zr-iy-am-hpw. 

\-h-en-_-d ]-cn-jv-Im-c-§-fp-sS Z-i-I-am-b sXm-®q-dp-IÄ-¡p -ti-jw D-¶-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e- h-¼n-¨ am-ä-§-Ä-¡m-Wp hn-t[-b-am-b-Xv. kzm-X-{´ym-\-´-cw C-´y³ hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-sb s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bp-am-bn _-Ôn-¸n-¨ tIm-¯m-cn I-½o-j-sâ \n-K-a-\-§-sf t]m-epw sX-äm-bn hym-Jym-\n-¨p-sIm-WvSm-Wp ]n-¶o-Sp \n-b-an-¡-s¸-« ]-e I-½o-j-\p-I-fpw X-§-fp-sS dn-t]mÀ-«p-IÄ k-aÀ-¸n-¨-Xv. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n-\v, "am-dp-¶ km-l-N-cy-§Ä-¡-\p-k-cn-¨p hn-Zym-`ym-k \-b-§-fn am-ä-§-fp-WvSm-h-W'-sa-¶ tIm-¯m-cn I-½o-j-sâ \n-K-a-\-§-sf 2007se kmw -]n-t{Xm-Z I-½o-j³ "kz-Im-cy kw-cw-`-I-sc Cu ta-J-e-bn-te-¡p sIm-WvSp-h-tc-WvS-Xp-WvSv F-¶-Xm-Wp Im-e-L-«-¯n-sâ B-h-iyw' F-¶ hm-Z-ap-bÀ-¯n-bm-Wp ZpÀ-hym-Jym-\w sN-bv-X-Xv. hn-tZ-i -kÀ-h-I-em-im-e-I-sf C-´y-bn- {]-hÀ-¯n-¡m³ A-\p-h-Zn-¡-W-sa-¶pw C-h-bp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-\w kp-K-a-am-¡m³ C-´y³ kÀ-h-I-em-im-e-IÄ-¡p -\Â-In-h-cp-¶ {]-tXy-I ]-cn-K-W-\ C-Ãm-Xm-¡-W-sa-¶pw -I-½o-j³ ip-]mÀ-i sN-bv-Xp. hn-Zym-`ym-kw H-cp s]m-Xp-hn-`-h-sa-¶ \n-e-bn \n-¶v, em-`-hn-`-h-am-¡m-\p-Å {i-a-§-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p I-½o-j-sâ Du-¶Â. 

12mw ]-©-hÂ-k-c ]-²-Xn-(2012þ17)bp-sS \-b-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bn F³ BÀ \m-cm-b-W-aqÀ-¯n-sb tImÀ-]-td-äp-I-sf D-¶-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bp-am-bn _-Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å \nÀ-tZ-i-§Ä k-aÀ-¸n-¡m-\m-bn ¹m-\n-Mv I-½o-j³ \n-b-an-¨n-cp-¶p. sa-bv 8mw Xn-¿-Xn A-t±-lw k-aÀ-¸n-¨ dn-t]mÀ-«v A-£-cmÀ-Y-¯n hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn cm-Pyw t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¯ t\-«-§-sf ssI-sbm-gn-bp-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. A-ta-cn-¡³ k-b³-kv s^-U-td-j-sâ am-Xr-I-bn hn-ZymÀ-Yn-IÄ-¡p kv-tIm-fÀ-jn-¸p-IÄ \Â-Im-\m-bn tImÀ-]-td-äp-I-fp-sS ap³-ssI-bn H-cp tImÀ-]-kv ^-WvSn-\p cq-]w-sIm-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶m-bn-cp-¶p A-Xn-se B-Zy- \nÀ-tZ-iw. 

D-¶-X-]T-\-ta-J-e-bn kz-Im-cy-Øm-]-\-§-sf kzm-K-Xw sN-¿m³ \nÀ-tZ-in-¨ tc-J-bn C-¯-cw Øm-]-\-§Ä-¡p km-¼-¯n-I-þ-`-c-W kz-bw-`-c-W-hpw hn-ZymÀ-Yn-I-fn \n-¶p X-§Ä-¡v B-h-iy-ap-Å ^o-kv ]n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\-p-Å kzm-X-{´y-hpw hn-`m-h-\w sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶p. Iq-Sm-sX, tI-{µ-þ-kw-Øm-\ kÀ-¡m-cp-IÄ 999 hÀ-j-t¯-¡v D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m-hp-¶ X-c-¯n `q-an ku-P-\y-am-bn sIm-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶pw A-Xn-\p-th-WvSn H-cp em³-Uv-_m-¦n-\p cq-]w-sIm-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶pw \nÀ-tZ-in-¨n-«p-WvSv. 12mw ]-²-Xn-bp-sS  I-W-¡-\p-k-cn-¨v D-¶-X-]T-\-ta-J-e-bn 40,000 tIm-Sn-bp-sS \n-t£-]w th-Ww. C-Xn-sâ ]-Ip-Xn-bpw tImÀ-]-td-äv ta-J-e-bn \n-¶p I-sWvS-¯-W-sa-¶m-Wp \m-cm-b-W -aqÀ-¯n D-]-tZ-in-¡p-¶-Xv. kÀ-¡mÀ ta-J-e-bn ^-WvSv Ip-d-¨p-sIm-WvSp-h-c-W-sa-¶pw A-t±-lw \nÀ-tZ-in-¡p-¶p. hn-Zym-`ym-k-s¨-e-hp-IÄ kÀ-¡m-cn \n-¶p hy-àn-bp-sS tXm-fn-te-¡p -am-äp-¶ X-¯z-Nn-´-b-Ãm-sX a-säm-¶p-a-à C-Xv. 

I-gn-ª Im-e-§-fn hn-ZymÀ-Yn-IÄ-¡p \Â-In-bn-cp-¶ kv-tIm-fÀ-jn-¸p-IÄ ZpÀ-_-e -hn-`m-K-§-fn-se Ip-«n-IÄ-¡v H-cp B-izm-k-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦n ]p-Xn-b \-b-cq-]o-I-c-W NÀ-¨-I-fn kv-tIm-fÀ-jn-¸p-IÄ- F-¶ hm-¡p-X-s¶ H-gn-hm-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]-I-cw A-hn-sS tem-Wp-I-fm-Wp Øm-\w-]n-Sn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. 11mw ]-²-Xn-bn D-¶-X-]T-\-ta-J-e-bv-¡v B-h-iy-am-b Xp-I-bp-sS 12 i-X-am-\w am-{X-am-Wp \o-¡n-h-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. _m-¡n-h-cp-¶ 88 i-X-am-\-hpw kz-Im-cy-þ-s]m-Xp-]-¦m-fn-¯-¯n-eq-sS I-sWvS-¯-W-sa-¶m-bn-cp-¶p [m-c-W. 12mw ]-²-Xn-bpw hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b-à Nn-´n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]-²-Xn-¡p th-WvSn ¹m-\n-Mv I-½o-j³ X-¿m-dm-¡n-b k-ao-]-\-tc-J-bn hn-Zym-`ym-kw "em-`-¯n-\p- th-WvSn-bp-Å-X-Ã'- F-¶ ap³-[m-c-W-IÄ Im-e-l-c-W-s¸-«p-sh-¶v \n-co-£n-¡p-¶p-WvSv. tbm-Ky-X-bp-Å kz-Im-cy-Øm-]-\-§Ä-¡p J-P-\m-hn \n-¶p tem-Wp-IÄ \Â-I-W-w. kz-´-am-bn em-`w I-sWvS-¯m-\pw Cu Øm-]-\-§-sf A-\p-h-Zn-¡-Ww. 

Pq¬ 14\v hm-jn-Mv-S-Wn am-[y-a-§Ä-¡p hn-X-c-Ww sN-bv-X kw-bp-à- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-b-\p-k-cn-¨v 100 I-½yq-Wn-än- tIm-f-Pp-IÄ Øm-]n-¡m³ ap³-ssI-sb-Sp-¡p-sa-¶p [m-c-W-bm-bn-«p-WvSv. C-´y-bn-se sXm-gnÂ-ti-jn-sb i-cn-bm-bpw sN-e-hp -Ip-d-ª -co-Xn-bn-epw D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\m-Wv C-sX-¶m-Wp kÀ-¡mÀ `m-jyw. a-dn-¨v, C-´y-bn \n-e-hn \-S-¸m-¡n-s¡m-WvSn-cn-¡p-¶ 10+2+3 ]m-tä-Wn am-ä-§-fp-WvSm-¡n `q-cn-`m-Kw hn-ZymÀ-Yn-I-sf-bpw c-WvSp hÀ-jw am-{Xw \o-WvSp-\nÂ-¡p-¶ {]m-tbm-Kn-I ]-cn-io-e-\-¯n am-{Xw Du-¶p-¶ I-½yq-Wn-än -tIm-f-Pn-te-¡v A-b-¨v, D-¶-X -hn-Zym-`ym-kw D-¶-XÀ-¡n-S-bn am-{X-am-bn ]-cn-an-X-s¸-Sp-¯m-\pw kz-Im-cy-hÂ-¡-cn-¡m-\p-ap-Å \o-¡-am-tWm C-sX-¶ kw-i-bw D-bÀ-¶n-«p-WvSv. hn-hn-[- Im-e-§-fn-se kÀ-¡mÀ -I-½o-j-\p-IÄ ]-d-ªp-sIm-WvSn-cn-¡p-¶-Xpw A-Xm-W-tÃm.