hn.Sn. apkvX^

ASnØm\hnhc§Ä

XeØm\w: sIm¡¯

PnÃIÄ: 19

apJya{´n: aaXm _m\ÀPn

KhÀWÀ: Fw.sI. \mcmbW³ 

P\kwJy: 9 tImSn (2011)

P\km{µX: N. In.aoädn\v 1000

km£cX: 77%

\nbak`: 294 

temIvk`: 42 

C´ybn Gähpw IqSpX P\km{µXbpÅ kwØm\sa¶ JymXnbpÅ Cu Ing¡³{]tZiw 1956 \hw_À H¶n\mWp kwØm\ambXv. kn¡nans\ IqSmsX aq¶p cmPy§fpambn AXnÀ¯n ]¦nSp¶ kwØm\w IqSnbmWnXv. 

Ncn{Xw

{In.ap. aq¶mw \qämWvSn AtimIN{IhÀ¯n C¶s¯ _wKmÄ DÄs¸Sp¶ {]tZi§Ä IogS¡nbXp apXemWp _wKmfnsâ FgpXs¸« Ncn{Xw Bcw`n ¡p¶X.v {In.ti. \memw \qämWvSn {]_eamb Kp]vXkm{amPy¯n\p Iognembn _wKmÄ. ]n¶oSv, _wKmfnsâ `cWw \mw ImWp¶Xv hnhn[ kp¯m·mcpsSbpw \hm_pamcpsSbpw ssIbnemWv. 

1757se Ncn{X{]kn²amb ¹mkn bp²¯n kndmPp±uf F¶ \hm_ns\ {_n«njv ssk\yw IogS¡nbXp _wKmfn am{XaÃ, C´ybn¯s¶ Hcp ]pXnb bpK¯n\p hgnamdn. {_n«njpImÀ¡v C´y AS¡nhmgm\pÅ A\paXn In«nbXv Cu bp²hnPb¯neqsSbmWv. ]n¶oSt§m«v {_n«njpImcpsS {Iqcamb `cWambncp¶p _wKmfnÂ. 

1905 Igvk¬ {]`p _wKmÄ hn`Pn¨Xv C´y³ kzmX{´yt¸mcm«¯nsâ FcnXobn F® Hgn¡embncp¶p. F¶mÂ, CXn tcmjmIpecmb P\X \nc´cw B{IaW§Ä Agn¨phn«p. Ahkm\w 1911 _wKmÄ hn`P\w d±psNbvXp. 

apKÄ`cW¯n\p tijw 1912 hsc C´y³ XeØm\ambncp¶ I¡¯bmbncp¶p {_n«njv hncp² t]mcm«¯nsâ tI{µw. 

C´y³ kzmX{´y{]Øm\¯n\p _wKmÄ P\XbpsS kw`mh\ AhnkvacWobamWv. s\mt_Âk½m\ tPXmhmb cho{µ\mYv SmtKmÀ, kp_mjv N{µt_mkv, hn]n³ N{µ]m F¶nhcpsS t\XrXzw FSp¯p]dtbWvSXmWv. 

kzmX{´ym\´cw \S¶ hn`P\w _wKmÄ P\Xsb ZpcnX¯nem¡n. lnµpþapkvenw Iel§Ä Cu a®nsâ I®ocmbn. XpSÀ¶v, apkvenwIÄ am{XapÄs¡mÅp¶ {]tZiw Ing¡³ ]mInkvXm\mbn amdn. 1971 B `mKw ]n¶oSv _w¥mtZiv F¶ t]cn ]pXnb cmPyambn¯oÀ¶p. 

`qanimkv{Xw 

hS¡v þkn¡nw, `q«m³. Ing¡v þ_w¥mtZiv. hS¡p]Snªmdvþ \o¸mÄ. ]Snªmdv þ_nlmÀ. Ing¡v þ_wKmÄ DÄ¡SÂ F¶XmWp ]Ýna_wKmfnsâ AXncpIÄ.

 hS¡p`mKw lnameb¯nsâ `mKambpÅ Ip¶pIfpw aeIfpw \ndªXmWv. _wKmfnsâ Gähpw DbÀ¶ sImSpapSn klmIpkp ChnsSbmWv. 3636 aoädmWv Dbcw. Ing¡v kpµÀ_³ ImSpw sX¡v KwKm kaXehpamWv.

KwKm\ZnbpsS ]X\{]tZiamWp _wKmÄ. KwK _wKmfnse¯pt¼mÄ AXnsâ t]cv lp¥n F¶mhp¶p. lp¥n\ZnbpsS Xoc¯mWp sIm¡¯m ]«Ww. KwK IqSmsX ZmtamZÀ, alm\µ, kn¡naneqsS hcp¶ SokvX F¶nhbpw _wKmfneqsS HgpIp¶p. CXn ZmtamZÀ \Zn _wKmfnsâ ZpxJw F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p. ag¡me¯v ZmtamZÀ IcIhnsªmgpIn _wKmÄ P\Xbv¡pWvSm¡p¶ \miw NnÃdbÃ. ZmtamZÀ \Zn¡p IpdpsI H«\h[n UmapIÄ sI«nbn«pWvSv. CsXÃmw Xs¶ ]Snªmd³ `mKs¯ Pe£maw t\cnSm\mWv. GXmWvSv 90 e£w P\§fmWv Cu \Znsb B{ibn¨p Ignbp¶Xv. 

_wKmfnsâ ImemhØ sshPmXyw \ndªXmWv. ]Snªmdp `mK¯v s]mXpsh hcWvS, NqSpÅ ImemhØ A\p`hs¸Spt¼mÄ hS¡p`mKw s]mXpsh XWp¸mWv. kwØm\¯p sam¯w 15 h\yPohn kwc£W tI{µ§fpw A©p tZiob ]mÀ¡pIfpapWvSv. kpµÀ_³, _pIvkmssSKÀ, skÀ]v \ntbmd F¶nhbmWv AXn {][m\s¸«h. 

C´y³ ISphbn hep¸¯nepw kuµcy¯nepw iànbnepw H¶maXmWv _wKmÄISph. 

Kh¬saâv 

C´ybn I½yqWnÌv {]Øm\¯n\p \à apt¶äapWvSmbncp¶ \mSmWp ]Ýna_wKmÄ. 1977 apX 2011 hsc XpSÀ¨bmbn 34 hÀjw ChnsS CSXp]£w `cn¨p. temI¯v Hcp P\m[n]XycmPy¯v C{Xbpw Imew I½yqWnÌv `cWw \ne\nÀ¯nb thsdmcp {]tZianÃ. AXn¯s¶ tPymXn_kp 1977 apX 2001 hsc 24 hÀjw XpSÀ¨bmbn apJya{´nbmbn. AsXmcp sdt¡mUmbncp¶p. F¶mÂ, 2011se XncsªSp¸n CSXp`cWw Ahkm\n¸n¨v XrWaq tIm¬{Kkv t\Xmhv aaX ]pXnb Ncn{XsagpXn.

km¼¯nIw 

C´y³ k¼ZvLS\bn  Bdmw Øm\¯mWv _wKmÄ. hcpam\¯nsâ {][m\ `mKhpw IrjnbmWv. GXmWvSv H«pan¡hbpw ChnsS Irjn sN¿s¸Sp¶p. C´ybn Gähpw IqSpX Acnbp¸mZn¸n¡p¶Xp _wKmfnemWv. Acn¡p ]pdsa, Dcpf¡ng§v, Icn¼v, tXbne F¶nhbpw Irjn sNbvsXSp¡p¶p. C´ybn NWw D¸mZ\¯nse GI kwØm\w IqSnbmWp ]Ýna_wKmÄ. 

hyhkmb§Ä {][m\ambpw sIm¡¯sb tI{µoIcn¨mWp \S¡p¶Xv. Dcp¡v, XpWn¯cw, B`cWw, eXÀ, Hmt«msam_oÂ, sdbnÂth tIm¨v F¶nhbpÄs¸«XmWv {][m\ hyhkmb§Ä. I¡cn J\\¯n H¶mw Øm\¯mWo kwØm\w. 

\thm°m\{]Øm\§Ä

C´ybn \thm°m\{]Øm\§Ä¡p XpS¡wIpdn¨Xv ]Ýna_wKmfnÂ\n¶mWv. cmPmdmw taml³ dmbv 1828 Bcw`n¨ {_ÒkamPw, 1897 {iocmaIrjvW ]calwk³ XpS¡an«v hnthIm\µ³ GsäSp¯ {iocmaIrjvW anj³ F¶nh Chbn {][m\s¸«hbmWv.

kmlnXyw

temI kmlnXycwK¯p _wKmÄ \ÂInb kw`mh\IÄ hfsc hepXmWv. B[p\nI C´ybnse kmlnXy Ipe]Xn cho{µ\mYv SmtKmdn\v 1913 e`n¨ s\mt_ kmlnXyk½m\w Cu taJebv¡p ]pXnsbmcpWÀhp \ÂIn. SmtKmdn\p ]pdsa _¦nwN{µ NmäÀPn, dkvap Ckvemw, Bim ]qÀWmtZhn, Xmcmi¦À _m\ÀPn, Pn_m\µ Zmkv F¶nhcpsS kw`mh\Ifpw FSp¯p]dtbWvSXpWvSv. 

ImbnIcwKw 

C´y³ {In¡änsâ a¡ apwss_ BsW¦n C´y³ ^pSvt_mfnsâ CuänÃamWp sIm¡¯. C´y³ ^pSvt_mfnse {][m\ SqÀWsaâpIfmb  s^Utdj³ I¸v, kt´mjv t{Sm^n F¶nhbnsems¡ Gähpw IqSpX tPXm¡fmbXv sIm¡¯ ¢ºpIfmb taml³_Km\pw Cukväv _wKmfpw apl½Z³kv kvt]mÀ«nMv ¢ºpsams¡bmbncp¶p. {In¡änepw _wKmfnsâ kw`mh\ hepXmWv. temI¯nse Xs¶ Gähpw henb {In¡äv {KuWvSmb CuU³ KmÀU³ sIm¡¯bnemWv.

P\kwJy

C´ybn P\kwJym hep¸¯n \memw Øm\¯mWp ]Ýna_wKmÄ. ]t£, P\km{µXbn H¶maXmWv. sXmgnenÃmbvabpw AkaXzhpw P\kwJym hÀ[\hpw _wKmfn\p henb XethZ\bmWv. P\§fn `qcn`mKhpw _wKmfn`mj kwkmcn¡p¶hcmWv. lnµnbpw  DÀZphpw \o¸mfnbpw Akankpw Nne `mK§fn D]tbmKn¡p¶pWvSv. 

sam¯w P\kwJybn 72%hpw lnµpaXØcmWv. _m¡nbpÅhbn 25%t¯mfw apkvenwIfpWvSv. 

KXmKXw 

]Ýna_wKmfn GXmWvSv sXm®qän cWvSmbncw In.ao. \of¯n tdmUpIfpWvSv. CXn 2600 In.ao. tZiob]mXbmWv. C´ybnse \¼Àh¬ tZiob]mX AYhm {Kmâv {S¦v tdmUv sIm¡¯bneqsS IS¶pt]mhp¶p. 

]pXnb IW¡\pkcn¨v _wKmfn 4480 In.ao. sdbnÂth IS¶pt]mhp¶pWvSv. C´ybnse Ing¡v, hS¡pþIng¡v taJebpsS BØm\w sIm¡¯bmWv. C´ybnse BZys¯ sat{Sm sdbnÂth 1986 sIm¡¯bnemWv Bcw`n¨Xv. C´ybnse {][m\ aq¶p hnam\¯mhf§fn H¶mWv sIm¡¯bnse UwUw hnam\¯mhfw. Ct¸mgXnsâ t]cv kp`mjv N{µt_mkv hnam\¯mhfsa¶mWv. 

apwss_ Ignªm C´ybnse {][m\ XpdapJamWv sIm¡¯. temI¯nsâ {][m\ XpdapJ§fpambn sIm¡¯sb _Ôn¸n¡p¶p. 

aäp Imcy§Ä 

C´ybnse BZy bq\nthgvknän, BZy saUn¡Â kÀhIemime F¶nh sIm¡¯bnemWp XpS¡wIpdn¨Xv. sIm¡¯ imkv{X\Kcambpw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. hntÎmdnb sSÀan³ C´ybnse Gähpw henb ayqknbamb \mj\ ayqknbw F¶nh sIm¡¯bnemWv. tZiob tlmantbm Øm]\w ØnXn sN¿p¶Xpw sIm¡¯bnemWv. knän Hm^v tPmbn (B\µ\Kcw) F¶pw sIm¡¯sb hnfn¡mdpWvSv. C´ybn BZy en^väv Bcw`n¨ \Kcw, skÂt^m¬ Bcw`n¨ \Kcw F¶nhbpw sIm¡¯bmWv. 

Sqdnkw 

300 hÀjw ]g¡apÅ sIm¡¯m\Kcw Xs¶bmWv {][m\ ImgvN. Aw_cNpw_nIfmb sI«nS§fpw tIm«Ifpw sIm«mc§fpw sIm¡¯bn \nch[nbmWv. Hcp tImSnbne[nIw P\§Ä Xn§n¸mÀ¡p¶pWvSnhnsS. 

sIm¡¯bnse ludm ]mew Hcp hnkvabZriyamWv. CXpt]msemcp ]mew Gjybn lud am{XtabpÅq. 467 In.ao. \ofapÅ Cu ]mew C´ybnse Gähpw henb Xq¡p]meamWv. 

UmÀPnenMv 

2125 aoäÀ Dbc¯n ØnXnsN¿p¶ {]ikvXamb Hcp lnÂtÌj\mWnXv. {_n«njpImcmWv CXp Øm]n¨Xv. ChnSs¯ tXbnet¯m«§fpw _p²aXm{ia§fpw hfsc BIÀjWobamWv.  

apÀjnZm_mZv, ¹mkn, Cw¥ojv _kmÀ, kpµÀ_³ F¶nhbmWp aäp {][m\ kµÀi\Øe§Ä.